Serpentarium Mundi by Alexei Alexeev The Ancient Ophidian Iconography Resource (Mundus Vetus, 3000 BC - 650 AD)
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Figure 008 of 012 LABARUM: GALLERY | LIBRARY | REGISTRY Figure 010 of 012
Figure III-6-lab-009. Labarum (military standard, vexillum) ornamented with three medallions (symbolic representation of the imperial portraits of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great and his sons and future successors, Constantine II (r. 337-340 AD) and Constantius II (r. 337-361 AD), with the eldest son, Crispus (r. 317-325 AD), executed in 326 AD and the youngest, Constans (r. 337-350 AD), not yet proclaimed caesar) and surmounted by the (Chi·Rho, Christogram), transfixing an undulating snake (serpent), symbolically representing Licinius (r. 308-324 AD) and the Devil (Satan). | Opposite side (obverse): Constantine the Great's laureate-diademed head rightward.

● Artefact
Object Category: Coin
View: Reverse
Medium: Bronze
Denomination: Follis/Nummus
Size/Diameter: 19 mm
Weight: 3.2 gm
● Context
Creator: Unknown
Mint: Constantinople
Region: Thrace
Authority/Issuer: Constantine the Great
(r. 306-337 AD)
Sitter(s): Constantine the Great
(r. 306-337 AD)
Period: Late Roman Imperial, Constantinian Dynasty
Date: 327-328 AD
Provenience: Unknown
● Collection
Ownership: Staatliche Museen
Location: Berlin
Inventory №: 18217778
 
● Iconographic Type: Hexagenic™ Nomenclature Summary
Type: III.6e.lab.1.con·co1.0
Ontolocators
(Prefix):
volume: III. coins
chapter (part): 6. objects & symbols (e. weapons & other military devices)
Integrals
(Stem):
subject: lab. labarum [vexillum]
feature: 1. transfixing snake [serpent]
Differentials
(Suffix):
idiosyncrasy: con. Constantinople (co1. Constantine the Great)
variation: 0. Ø
● Iconographic Type: Formal Semantic Indicators™
Identifiers
(Beings):
deity.1: [Jesus Christ] "symbol.1" [Chi·Rho]
deity.2: [Devil [Satan]] "animal.1" [snake]
hero: Ø
mortal: Ø
notable.1: [Constantine the Great] "group.1" [dynastic assembly]; "symbol.3" [medallion.B]
notable.2: [Constantine II] "group.1" [dynastic assembly]; "symbol.2" [medallion.A]
notable.3: [Constantius II] "group.1" [dynastic assembly]; "symbol.4" [medallion.C]
notable.4: [Licinius] "animal.1" [snake]
anonym: Ø
animal.1: snake [serpent] "deity.2" [Devil]; "notable.4" [Licinius];
creature: Ø
object.1: labarum [vexillum/military standard]
symbol.1: [ Chi·Rho [Christogram]] "deity.1" [Jesus Christ]; "artwork.1" [assemblage]
symbol.2: [medallion.A] "set.1" [medallions array]; "notable.2" [Constantine II]
symbol.3: [medallion.B] "set.1" [medallions array]; "notable.1" [Constantine the Great]
symbol.4: [medallion.C] "set.1" [medallions array]; "notable.3" [Constantius II]
pair: Ø
duplet: Ø
group.1: [dynastic assembly] {"notable.1" [Constantine the Great]; "notable.2" [Constantine II]; "notable.3" [Constantius II]}; "artwork.2" [imperial portraiture]
set.1: [medallions array] {"symbol.2" [medallion.A]; "symbol.3" [medallion.B]; "symbol.4" [medallion.C]}; "object.1" [labarum]; "artwork.2" [imperial portraiture]
cluster: Ø
artwork.1: [assemblage [miniature sculpture?]] "object.1" [labarum]; "symbol.1" [Chi·Rho]
artwork.2: [imperial portraiture [embroidery?/
painting?]] "group.1" [dynastic assembly]; "set.1" [medallions array]
label.1: SPES·PVBLIC·A·CONS [legend]
Descriptors
(Properties):
epithet: Ø
syncretism: Ø
prosopon: Ø
morphology.1: "animal.1" [snake] (general: homogeneous; ophiomorphic; large) (head: ophidian) (upper·body: ophidian; squamous) (lower·body: ophidian; squamous)
morphology.2: "object.1" [labarum] (general: composite) (upper·section: Chi·Rho) (middle·section: spar with globular tips; vexillum's rectangular, tasseled drapery ornamented with three round medallions) (lower·section: straight shaft)
aspect.1: "animal.1" [snake] (general: horizontal; lying rightward-downward; undulating) (head: pointing downward; with mouth open) (upper·body: horizontal; downward-rightward; undulating) (lower·body: horizontal; rightward; undulating; tail undulating, with tip pointing leftward)
aspect.2: "object.1" [labarum] (general: vertical; upward; frontward) (upper·section: vertical; upward; frontward) (middle·section: frontward; vexillum's drapery hanging vertically from horizontal spar; medallions arranged horizontally) (lower·section: vertical; upward; frontward)
vector.1: "main composition" (top → bottom)
Operators
(Relations):
contact: Ø
conflict.1: "object.1" [labarum] ⟨transfixing⟩ "animal.1" [snake]
context: Ø
contiguity: Ø
inversion.1: obverse: Constantine the Great's head {profile; rightward; laureate-diademed}; CONSTANTI·NVS·MAX·AVG [legend]
● Iconographic Type: Prominence
Occurrences
(Registered Instances):
very rare 1-6 specimens
sparse 7-18 specimens
common 19-60 specimens
abundant 60+ specimens
● Iconographic Type: Selected Universal Subject References
ICONCLASS
(Codes and Descriptions):
11D1131(+4) labarum, i.e. imperial standard bearing the christogram IHS (+ devil)s))
11H(CONSTANTINE) the Roman emperor Constantine the Great; possible attributes: crown, sceptre, standard (labarum) with chi-rho monogram or cross
44B196 standard (symbol of sovereignty)

Source-Image(s): Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Münzkabinett (www.ikmk.smb.museum; © Courtesy of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). The full list of numismatic and exonumic images' sources is available on the Coins introductory page. The detailed descriptions of artefacts (provenience, dates, etc.) are generally taken verbatim from the providers of the original source-images. Figure is prepared by Alexei Alexeev.

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